Albert, King of Sweden

Albert
Albert's portrait sculpture on his contemporary grave monument
King of Sweden
Reign 1364-1389
Coronation 18 February 1364
Predecessor Magnus Eriksson and Haakon VI Magnusson
Successor Margaret
Spouse Richardis of Schwerin
Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Issue
Eric, Lord of Gotland
Richardis Catherine, Duchess of Görlitz
Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg
House House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Father Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
Mother Euphemia of Sweden
Born c. 1338
Mecklenburg
Died 1 April 1412 (aged 73–74)
Doberan Abbey
Burial Doberan Abbey
Religion Roman Catholicism

Albert (Albrekt av Mecklenburg in Swedish; Albrecht von Mecklenburg in German; c. 1338 – 1 April 1412) was King of Sweden from 1364 to 1389 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1384 to 1412.

Contents

Background

He was the second son of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg and Euphemia Eriksdotter, the daughter of duke Erik Magnusson of Södermanland and the sister of King Magnus IV of Sweden. He married Richardis of Schwerin, daughter of count Otto of Schwerin; she died in 1377 and is today buried in Stockholm.[1]

In 1384 he inherited the ducal title of Mecklenburg and united it with Sweden in a personal union. Albert based his claims on the Swedish crown upon two family ties with the Swedish House of Sverker, both through Albert's mother, through whom he was granted the first place in the Swedish succession order, and through Kristina Sverkersdotter, a daughter of Sverker II of Sweden, also known as Sverker the Young. Sverker II had been the king of Sweden between 1196 and 1208.

Reign

In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip, arrived in the court of Mecklenburg. They had been banished from the country after a revolt against king Magnus Eriksson, who was unpopular among the nobility. At the nobles' request, Albert launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts. Several Hanseatic cities and dukes in Northern Germany expressed support of the new king. Stockholm and Kalmar, with large Hanseatic populations, and also welcomed the intervention.

Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and officially crowned on 18 February 1364. The coronation took place at the Stones of Mora. A fragment still remains of the stone commemorating the occasion, the Three Crowns stone. This is the earliest known example of the use of the three crowns as a national symbol for Sweden.

The arrival of Albert led to eight years of civil war in Sweden between Albert's and Magnus' supporters. In a battle near Enköping in 1365 between Albert's German forces and king Magnus Eriksson's forces, supported by king Haakon VI of Norway (Magnus' son), Magnus was defeated and taken prisoner by Albert. After the initial defeat, Valdemar IV of Denmark intervened on Magnus' and Haakon's behalf, and Valdemar's forces were joined by Swedish peasants who supported Magnus. Apart from German strongholds like Stockholm, Albert was unpopular in large parts of Sweden, especially among Swedish commoners in the provinces, who were discontent with Albert's policy of appointing Germans as officials in all Swedish provinces and who suffered under his rule.

With the help of Danish and Swedish allies, Haakon managed to temporarily beat back Albert and lay siege to Stockholm in 1371. However, the siege was short-lived; with military help from the Swedish nobility in Stockholm, Albert was able beat back the Norwegians and the Danes. A peace agreement was signed, with the condition that Magnus be released and allowed to freely travel back to Norway (where he spent the rest of his life). Albert had secured the Swedish crown, but was also forced to make a belated coronation oath in which he agreed to extensive concessions to the Swedish nobility in the regency council. Bo Jonsson (Grip) used this power to personally usurp 1,500 farms and he soon became Sweden's largest landowner, controlling a third of the entirety of the Swedish territory and possessing the largest non-royal wealth in the country.

Deposition

Albert kept the crown of Sweden for another 19 years, but most of western Sweden did not support his reign. However, it was only when he attempted to introduce reduction of the large estates of the Swedish nobility that he lost his support in Stockholm. In 1389, facing a loss of landholdings and wealth, the Swedish regency council turned to Margaret I of Denmark to plead for help in getting rid of Albert. Margaret sent troops and in February 1389, the Danes defeated Albert at the Battle of Åsle (slaget vid Åsle). Albert was captured, deposed and sent to Lindholmen Castle in Scania, where he spent the next six years imprisoned. He was released after 16 days of peace negotiations in 1395, during which he agreed to either give up Stockholm within three years, or pay large sums in retribution to Margaret. When the three years were up, Albert chose to give up Stockholm rather than pay the fine, and in 1398 the agreement came into force, granting Margaret possession of Stockholm.

After his release, Albert went back to Mecklenburg, where he had been a duke since 1384 when his brother Henry III died. However, as Albert and the Vitalians retreated from Scandinavia, the Teutonic Order captured Gotland on Albert's behalf. Gotland was thus not turned over to Denmark until 1408, when Eric of Pomerania bought it from Albert and the Teutonic Order.

Albert died in 1412 and is buried in the monastery of Doberan, Mecklenburg.

Marriages and children

In 1359 Albert married Richardis of Schwerin in a marriage contracted in Wismar on 12 October 1352. The King and Queen had two children:

  1. Eric (died 1397), Swedish crown prince[2] and ruler of Gothland
  2. Richardis Catherine (died 1400), married in Prague in 1388 to Emperor Charles IV's fifth son John of Bohemia (1370–1396), Margrave of Moravia and Duke of av Görlitz (Lusatia)

In February 1396 in Schwerin Albert married Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1430/1434). They had a son:

  1. Albert V of Mecklenburg (died 1423), Duke of Mecklenburg and Schwerin

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ Albrekt of Mecklenburg biography Nordisk Familjebok (1876), p. 371-372
  2. ^ Nordman, Viljo Adolf in Albrecht Herzog von Mecklenburg König von Schweden, Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Tuomituksia B:44:1, Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki, 1939 p 336.

Other sources

Albert, King of Sweden
Cadet branch of the House of Mecklenburg
Born: 1338 Died: 1 April 1412
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Magnus Eriksson &
Haakon Magnusson		 King of Sweden
1364–1389		 Succeeded by
Margaret
Preceded by
Magnus I		 Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1384–1412		 Succeeded by
Albert V
Munsö
c.970–c.1060
Stenkil
c.1060–c.1130
1160–1161
Sverker · Eric
c.1130–1250
Bjelbo
1250–1364
Mecklenburg
1364–1389
Albert
Kalmar Union
Italics indicate
regents
1389–1523
Vasa
1523–1654
Palatinate-
Zweibrücken
Hesse-Kassel
1654–1751
Holstein-Gottorp
1751–1818
Bernadotte
since 1818
1 Lineage uncertain.  2 Regent.  3 Also Norwegian monarch.  4 Also Norwegian and Danish monarch.  5 Also king of Poland.